Between September 2023 and October 2025, nine undisclosed ICE hold rooms in Colorado—set in strip malls, office parks, and an unmarked bank building—processed thousands of detainees, while a parallel network in Minnesota ran through federal buildings and county jails under agreements in some cases never publicly disclosed. Detainees, including infants, a 91-year-old, and 66 children under age seven, were held for weeks or months in violation of ICE's 72-hour limit before being shuttled through facilities in Arizona, Louisiana, Wyoming, Texas, and other states. An analysis of more than 8,700 detention records found 33 percent of Colorado detainees and 39 percent of Minnesota detainees had no criminal charge at booking. The intake process relied partly on automated license plate readers, and internal ICE memos removed both the detention time limit and judicial review without outside oversight.