An analysis found that ICE enforcement surges across multiple U.S. cities in 2025-2026 resulted in substantial costs to local governments and police departments. Los Angeles police spent $41 million on overtime in June 2025, while Minneapolis police spent over $6 million between January and February during Operation Metro Surge, with the city estimating total economic costs at $203 million. Portland police nearly doubled their 2024 overtime payouts for event response, including nearly 3,000 hours for a single Homeland Security Secretary facility visit. Police departments already facing post-2020 staffing shortages were further strained by the operations, which were largely concentrated in Democratic-led cities.