ProPublica found more than 170 cases where ICE agents held U.S. citizens against their will during immigration raids and other enforcement operations without warrant or proper cause. In some cases, citizens were initially accused of assaulting or impeding officers, but charges were rarely brought. Examples include an unnamed woman handcuffed during a chaotic street vendor raid who was released without charges after two days, and a U.S. marshal who was accidentally detained in Tucson.