Human Rights Watch published a comprehensive report based on interviews with over 130 people documenting how Operation Metro Surge, an unprecedented deployment of thousands of federal immigration agents to Minnesota beginning in December 2025, entailed unlawful killings, excessive force, racial profiling, arbitrary arrests and detentions, denial of access to counsel, and inhuman detention conditions. ICE arrested approximately 4,000 immigrants, nearly two-thirds of whom had no criminal history. The report found that the operation terrorized residents, caused thousands of students to miss school, drove patients to forgo healthcare, devastated small businesses, and created widespread food insecurity. The city of Minneapolis estimated at least $203.1 million in economic damage in the first month alone.